Depressive Disorders
Depression is the flagship indication for psychedelic and rapid-acting psychiatry, and the place where the field has gone furthest: an approved drug (esketamine), the first Phase 3 win for a classic psychedelic, and several striking trials of psilocybin for major depression. But it is also where the honest caveats bite hardest. The most rigorous recent analyses suggest much of psilocybin’s apparent edge comes from patients knowing they got the drug, and a head-to-head against a standard antidepressant was not significant on its main measure. This is the umbrella page for the depression family; the resistant, general and bipolar forms each have their own.
How are psychedelics being studied for depressive disorders? Depressive disorders cover a range of conditions marked by persistent low mood and loss of interest, and many people do not respond fully to existing antidepressants and talking therapies. Most psychedelic research here centres on psilocybin given in one or two supervised sessions with psychological support, with Phase II trials reporting rapid and sometimes lasting improvements, and Phase III work under way. Ketamine and its relatives act faster still and are used for some hard-to-treat cases, while MDMA and others are studied where depression overlaps with trauma. Across these approaches the model is supported sessions rather than daily medication. The evidence is encouraging but young: trials are mostly small, blinding is hard, and durability varies. Blossom tracks the trials, compounds and papers behind depression research so you can follow the evidence.
Data updated
Key Insights
- 1
Depression is the most-developed area in the whole field and the largest evidence base Blossom tracks, but it is a broad umbrella: this hub page covers the family, with treatment-resistant depression, general major depression and bipolar depression each handled on their own pages.
- 2
Two rapid-acting paradigms sit under it: the glutamatergic drugs (ketamine and esketamine, acting on the NMDA receptor) and the serotonergic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, acting on 5-HT2A). Different mechanisms, but both appear to work by triggering a burst of brain plasticity.
- 3
The landmark result is a 2023 trial in which a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin produced a large reduction in depression scores versus placebo in 104 people with major depression. The signal is real, but it is one trial among a more mixed picture.
- 4
The honest 2025 to 2026 reading is sobering: analyses show psilocybin’s antidepressant effect is probably overestimated because its trials cannot be properly blinded, and a head-to-head against the antidepressant escitalopram was not significant on its primary outcome.
- 5
No classic psychedelic is approved for depression; esketamine is, but only for the treatment-resistant form. The realistic status is genuine, regulator-validated progress alongside modest effect sizes, short durability and an unresolved blinding problem.
By the numbers
- 598
- Trials tracked
- 1219
- Papers tracked
- 60,352
- Trial participants
as of June 2026
as of June 2026
as of June 2026
Questions & Answers
The questions readers most often ask about Depressive Disorders, answered with the data Blossom tracks.
Which psychedelic has the most evidence for depression?
Psilocybin has the most developed trial evidence for depression, with Phase III studies under way; ketamine and esketamine offer a faster, separate route for some cases. Blossom lists the trials.
Is psychedelic therapy for depression available now?
Outside clinical trials it is largely unavailable, though ketamine and approved esketamine are used for some treatment-resistant cases. Blossom tracks access and trial status.
What is Depressive Disorders?
Depressive disorders are a family of conditions defined by persistent low mood, loss of interest and pleasure, and a range of physical and cognitive symptoms, of which major depressive disorder is the most common. Depression is one of the largest health burdens in the world: the World Health Organization estimates that around 280 million people live with depression, and it is the leading cause of disability worldwide[1]. Existing treatments help many people but act slowly and leave a large minority still unwell, which is the gap newer rapid-acting and psychedelic treatments aim to fill.
Depression is the indication where psychedelic and rapid-acting psychiatry has advanced furthest, so it is also where the evidence, and the hype, are densest. This page is the umbrella for the whole depression family and stays at the big-picture level: what the major trials show across depression as a whole, the shared mechanisms, and the honest limitations. The more specific stories live on their own pages.
For depression that has not responded to standard antidepressants, where the approvals and the most advanced trials are, see treatment-resistant depression. For general and first-line major depression, see major depressive disorder. And because the same drugs behave very differently, and more dangerously, in people who also have manic episodes, bipolar depression is covered separately under bipolar disorder.
Current Treatments
Standard care for depression combines psychological therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal therapy) with antidepressant medicines, chiefly SSRIs and SNRIs, and, for severe or resistant cases, options such as augmentation, electroconvulsive therapy and newer agents. These work for many people and are the right first step. Their main limitations are familiar: they typically take weeks to act, a substantial proportion of people do not fully respond, and side effects and relapse are common.
The psychedelic and rapid-acting approaches are interesting precisely because they are different in shape. Ketamine and esketamine act within hours rather than weeks; the classic psychedelics aim for a lasting shift from one or a few supervised sessions paired with psychotherapy. Of these, only esketamine is approved, and only for treatment-resistant depression; the classic psychedelics remain investigational. What follows is the family-level evidence, with the specifics on the linked sub-pages.
This report summarises what Blossom’s database shows about psychedelic and rapid-acting treatments for depression as a whole, and what it does not show. The short version: depression is where this field has gone furthest, an approved drug, the first Phase 3 win for a classic psychedelic, and several striking trials of psilocybin for major depression. It is also where the honest caveats are sharpest, because the most rigorous recent analyses suggest much of the apparent effect comes from patients knowing what they took. This is the umbrella page; the resistant, general and bipolar forms have their own.
A note before the evidence
This page is a research summary, not medical advice, and nothing here is a treatment recommendation. Of the treatments discussed, only esketamine (for treatment-resistant depression) and off-label ketamine are in routine clinical use; the classic psychedelics are investigational. Depression is serious and treatable, effective help is available now, and decisions about treatment, including any rapid-acting or novel option, belong with a qualified clinician. If you are struggling, please reach out to a health professional or a crisis service.
A word on scope and numbers. Blossom tracks more than 1,200 papers and around 600 trials under this topic, the largest base in the database, and those counts appear on the page. But this is a broad umbrella that also collects treatment-resistant and bipolar depression, mechanism and brain-imaging studies, animal work, and trials where depression is only a secondary outcome, so the genuinely depression-clinical core is a fraction of the headline. Read the counts as the breadth of an umbrella, not the depth of a single clinical case.
Two paradigms, one destination
The treatments split into two families with different logic that appear to converge. The glutamatergic, rapid-acting drugs, ketamine and esketamine, block the NMDA receptor and lift mood within hours, but fade within days to weeks, so they are dosed repeatedly. The serotonergic psychedelics, psilocybin, LSD and ayahuasca, act on the 5-HT2A receptor and pair a single dose with psychological support, aiming for a durable effect from one or a few sessions. For all their differences, both families seem to converge downstream on the same thing, a burst of synaptic plasticity in a depressed brain whose circuits have grown rigid, which is part of why a glutamate drug and a serotonin drug can both lift mood when older antidepressants have not.
The landmark depression trials
The strongest general-depression result is recent. In 2023, a multi-site, double-blind trial gave 104 adults with major depression a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin or a niacin placebo with psychological support, and found a large reduction in depression scores in the psilocybin group (a roughly 12-point greater fall on the MADRS scale) that was rapid and sustained over six weeks[1]. It followed an earlier waitlist-controlled trial that reported very large effect sizes for psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depression[2]. These are the results that put depression at the centre of the field.
The single most important counterweight is also a trial. When psilocybin was tested head-to-head against the standard antidepressant escitalopram, it was not significantly better on the study’s primary outcome[3]; several secondary measures favoured psilocybin, but they were not corrected for multiple comparisons, so they cannot carry the claim on their own. A fair reading of the two together is that psilocybin clearly beats placebo but has not clearly beaten an existing antidepressant, which is a very different and more demanding bar.
Beyond psilocybin, the classic-psychedelic depression evidence thins quickly. Ayahuasca has a single small double-blind RCT in treatment-resistant depression (n=29) with a genuine positive result at one week[4], and LSD has a 2025 dose-comparison trial in major depression that favoured the high dose but lost significance after adjusting for baseline severity[5]. Both are real and worth following, and both are far too small and preliminary to lean on.
The honest 2025 to 2026 picture: the blinding problem
The most important development in the last two years is not a new drug but a new scepticism, focused on blinding. A high dose of a psychedelic is unmistakable, so participants and often their raters can tell who got the drug, and that expectancy can masquerade as efficacy. A 2025 analysis found that placebo groups in psilocybin depression trials improve far less than placebo groups in antidepressant or esketamine trials, and concluded that psilocybin’s antidepressant effect is therefore overestimated[6]. A 2026 meta-analysis went further, finding that once you compare psychedelic therapy against equally unblinded (open-label) antidepressant treatment, psychedelic therapy was no more effective[7].
This does not mean the treatments do nothing. It means the size of their advantage over a fair comparator is much less certain than the headline trials suggest, and that solving the blinding problem, through better placebos, expectancy measurement and active comparators, is now the central methodological task for the whole field. Depression, as the most-studied indication, is where this reckoning is playing out first and most rigorously.
Effect size, durability and what is actually on offer
Two practical numbers matter for anyone weighing this. The first is effect size: even the positive trials describe a meaningful but not transformative benefit, and the rapid-acting drugs in particular show effects over placebo that meta-analyses rate as modest, broadly comparable to adding another conventional medicine rather than a step change. The second is durability. Ketamine and esketamine fade within days to weeks and are dosed indefinitely; even psilocybin, sold on the promise of lasting change from a single dose, shows benefit that wanes over months in a meaningful share of patients. The realistic offer, then, is not a one-shot cure but either a repeated maintenance treatment (the ketamine model) or a single supported experience whose durability is still being mapped (the psilocybin model), each delivered with significant clinical infrastructure around it.
How the family divides: where to read next
Because depression is an umbrella, the specifics live on dedicated pages. The treatment-resistant depression page covers the area where the field is furthest along: esketamine’s approval, COMPASS’s Phase 3 psilocybin programme, and the wave of rapid-acting agents (oral ketamine, inhaled 5-MeO-DMT and DMT) aimed at the hardest-to-treat patients. The major depressive disorder page covers general and first-line depression, where the bar is comparison against existing antidepressants rather than treatment resistance.
And a crucial separation: bipolar depression is not covered here, because the same serotonergic psychedelics that may help unipolar depression can trigger mania in people with bipolar disorder, and combining them with lithium can be dangerous. That population, and its very different risk-benefit balance, is handled on the bipolar disorder page. Keeping these apart is not pedantry; it is a safety point.
Reading this honestly
So where does depression sit? Further ahead than any other indication in this field, and that lead is genuine: an approved rapid-acting drug, the first Phase 3 win for a classic psychedelic, and several striking trials of psilocybin for major depression. But the honest reading refuses two temptations at once, the dismissive one that says none of this works, and the breathless one that says depression is solved. The effects are real and, on the most rigorous analyses, probably smaller than the famous trials imply; the durability is short; the blinding is imperfect; and the clearest head-to-head against a standard antidepressant was a draw. For people living with depression, that combination, real new options that are not miracles and not yet clearly better than what we have, is both the most hopeful and the most honest thing the evidence will currently support.
Psychedelic Effect Matrix
Compound efficacy and evidence levels for Depressive Disorders.
| Compound | Magnitude | Evidence | Consistency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Esketamine The only approved drug here, but only for treatment-resistant depression (adjunctive 2019, monotherapy 2025), with a large trial programme. Meta-analysis puts the effect over placebo as modest, and it carries in-clinic monitoring and cost burden. See the treatment-resistant depression page. | Medium | High | High |
| Ketamine Intravenous racemic ketamine is widely used off-label for depression: rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects within hours, but the benefit fades within days to weeks and requires repeated dosing. Strongest in the resistant and bipolar subsets; details on those pages. | Medium | Moderate | Moderate |
| Psilocybin The classic-psychedelic flagship: a positive single-dose RCT in major depression (2023, n=104) and the first Phase 3 win in TRD. But a head-to-head against escitalopram missed its primary outcome, and 2025 analyses suggest functional unblinding inflates the apparent effect. | Medium | Moderate | Moderate |
| LSD Emerging. A 2025 dose-comparison trial in major depression favoured high-dose LSD, but the difference lost significance after adjusting for baseline severity. Closely related lysergamides are advancing faster in anxiety than in depression. | Medium | Low | Low |
| Ayahuasca One small but genuine double-blind RCT in treatment-resistant depression (2019, n=29) found higher response than placebo at one week, alongside open-label and observational work. Promising but very limited, with the same blinding challenges. | Medium | Low | Low |
Psilocybin and Depressive Disorders
Psilocybin is the classic-psychedelic flagship for depression. The landmark general-depression result is a 2023 double-blind trial in which a single 25 mg dose, with psychological support, reduced depression scores far more than a niacin placebo in 104 people with major depression[1], building on an earlier waitlist-controlled study that reported very large effect sizes[2]. In treatment-resistant depression it became the first classic psychedelic to clear a Phase 3-scale programme[3] (covered on the TRD page).
The qualifications are substantial. A head-to-head trial against the antidepressant escitalopram did not find psilocybin significantly better on its primary measure[4], and a 2025 analysis concluded psilocybin’s antidepressant efficacy is overestimated because its placebo groups improve far less than those in antidepressant trials, a hallmark of functional unblinding[5]. So psilocybin has the strongest classic-psychedelic case in depression, and that case is real but unsettled.
Esketamine and Depressive Disorders
Esketamine (the nasal spray Spravato) is the only approved drug on this page, and the benchmark the psychedelics are measured against, but it is approved specifically for treatment-resistant depression rather than depression in general. It works within hours and has a deep trial programme behind it.
Its honest profile is rapid but modest and demanding: the effect over placebo is on the order of adding an antipsychotic, it must be given in a certified clinic with monitoring, and 2025 analyses note that even esketamine’s trials show a much higher placebo response than psilocybin’s[1], which complicates cross-drug comparison. The full approval story, dosing and caveats are on the treatment-resistant depression page.
Ketamine and Depressive Disorders
Racemic ketamine, given intravenously, is the off-label workhorse of rapid-acting depression treatment: cheaper than esketamine, widely used in specialist clinics, and able to lift mood and reduce suicidal thoughts within hours. Its mechanism (NMDA-receptor blockade driving fast synaptic plasticity) is the best-characterised of any compound on this page.
The catch is durability. Ketamine acts fast but the benefit typically fades within days to weeks unless dosing is repeated, turning a dramatic acute response into an open-ended maintenance commitment, and with no company owning the molecule, access and quality vary widely. Its strongest evidence is in the treatment-resistant and bipolar subsets, which are covered on those pages.
LSD and Depressive Disorders
LSD is earlier in depression than psilocybin. The most relevant recent study is a 2025 randomised trial comparing high-dose with low-dose LSD-assisted therapy in major depression, which favoured the high dose but lost statistical significance once baseline severity was accounted for[1].
So the depression-specific LSD evidence is a single, equivocal trial. Interest in the lysergamide class is real, but it is currently running ahead in anxiety rather than depression, and for depression LSD should be read as an early signal, not an established treatment.
Ayahuasca and Depressive Disorders
Ayahuasca has one genuinely useful piece of evidence in depression: a 2019 double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT in treatment-resistant depression (n=29) in which a single dose produced significantly higher response than placebo by one week (about 64% versus 27%)[1], alongside earlier open-label work.
That is a real randomised result, which is more than most non-psilocybin psychedelics can claim for depression, but it is one very small trial, with the same unblinding limitation as the rest of the field, and the brew’s cultural and practical complexities make it hard to standardise. Ayahuasca is a promising, under-studied signal, not a developed treatment.
Clinical Outlook
The near-term trajectory is unusually concrete for psychiatry. Esketamine is approved and now has a monotherapy label for treatment-resistant depression; psilocybin has a positive major-depression RCT and a Phase 3 programme in TRD; and a wave of newer agents is moving through trials. If the confirmatory studies hold, a classic psychedelic could reach the market for depression within a few years. But the 2025 to 2026 meta-analyses on unblinding[1] mean the field now has to prove that the effect survives proper controls, not just that patients improve.
The realistic outlook holds two truths together. Depression is where psychedelic medicine has produced its most concrete wins, an approval, a Phase 3 success, and several striking trials, and it is also where the most rigorous scrutiny is landing hardest, with modest effect sizes, short durability, and an unresolved blinding problem. The most likely future is not a miracle cure but a set of genuinely new, imperfect options whose real-world value depends on questions the next few years of trials are designed to answer.
Industrial Landscape
Depression has by far the most developed commercial and academic landscape in psychedelic medicine, which is what you would expect for the field’s flagship indication. Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen owns esketamine; COMPASS Pathways leads the classic psychedelics with its synthetic psilocybin; the non-profit Usona Institute ran the major single-dose psilocybin trial in general major depression; and a long list of academic centres and smaller companies are developing psilocybin, LSD-class agents and rapid-acting ketamine formulations.
That concentration of money and attention is a double-edged thing. It has produced real rigour, including the large, multi-site, properly blinded trials that smaller indications lack, and the willingness to publish null and deflating results. But it also generates strong commercial incentives to emphasise the positive, which is exactly why the recent independent unblinding analyses matter so much. For an honest broker, depression is the best test of whether the field can hold its nerve and let the most rigorous evidence, rather than the most exciting, set the narrative.
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Top 10 Esketamine Papers for Depressive Disorders
The 10 most important papers, curated by Blossom
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Related Topics
Organisations
Search →Janssen Research & Development
Janssen Research & Development is the pharmaceutical research and development arm of Johnson & Johnson (J&J). Operating under J&J's Innovative Medicine division, Janssen has sponsored clinical trials into ketamine-derived compounds, including esketamine (Spravato), the first FDA-approved psychedelic-adjacent treatment for treatment-resistant depression.
Clexio Biosciences
Clexio Biosciences is a private Israeli clinical-stage CNS company founded in 2018 by Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D veterans. Their lead programme CLE-100 is a once-daily oral tablet formulation of esketamine for MDD — distinguished from the FDA-approved Spravato (intranasal, in-clinic) by enabling outpatient, at-home use. Phase 2 CLEO study results showed a promising safety profile and encouraging efficacy specifically in post-COVID MDD subgroups; the Phase 2 SOLEO study (NCT06340958, higher dose, stricter treatment-resistance criteria) enrolled first patients April 2024 and reached 50% enrollment by December 2024. CLE-100 holds multiple US method-of-use patents (2024). In December 2025, Clexio spun out its muscarinic agonist programme (CLE-905) into a new entity, Syremis Therapeutics, which raised $165M Series A co-led by Dexcel Pharma and Third Rock Ventures. Co-founders Kogan, Levy, and Kagan simultaneously lead Syremis; Clexio continues independently with CLE-100 and preclinical CLE-043.
OPEN Foundation
Dutch nonprofit organizer in the psychedelic field, including stewardship of the ICPR conference series and related professional convenings.
Exeter University
The University of Exeter is a public research university based in Exeter, Devon, England, with additional campuses in Cornwall. It provides undergraduate and postgraduate education and conducts research across a wide range of disciplines.
Cybin
Cybin Inc. (founded 2019) is a Canadian clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing psychedelic-based therapeutics—now operating as Helus Pharma—focused on proprietary novel serotonergic agonists and deuterated psilocin analogs for mental health conditions.
Ohio State University
The Ohio State University is a public land-grant research university based in Columbus, Ohio, offering undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs and conducting research across many fields. It was founded as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College and serves as a major educational and economic institution in Ohio.
COMPASS Pathways
COMPASS Pathways is a UK-listed biopharmaceutical company developing COMP360 synthetic psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, with two successful Phase 3 trials making it the leading candidate for the first regulatory approval of a classic psychedelic medicine.
Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
The Instituto do Cérebro (Brain Institute, ICe) is an academic research institute of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) in Natal, Brazil, focused on neuroscience research, education and public outreach. It hosts the postgraduate Program in Neurosciences (PGNeuro) and supports related research groups and events.
University Medical Center Groningen
The University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) is the academic hospital affiliated with the University of Groningen, providing tertiary and specialized patient care while conducting medical research and education. It is one of the largest university hospitals in the Netherlands and serves as the main academic medical center for the northern Netherlands.
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is a Canadian public research university with major campuses in Vancouver and the Okanagan. Its clinical and behavioural research activity includes investigator-led studies relevant to psychedelic-assisted therapy and mental health.
Diamond Therapeutics
Diamond Therapeutics is a private Canadian clinical-stage company pioneering sub-perceptual (non-hallucinogenic) psilocybin therapy. Their approach focuses on low-dose psilocybin that does not produce psychedelic experiences, enabling at-home outpatient administration — a differentiated strategy from the clinic-based, high-dose psychedelic-assisted therapy model. Founded in 2018 by CEO Judith Blumstock, Diamond completed a Phase 1 single ascending dose study in healthy volunteers (n=56, 7 cohorts, December 2022) establishing a safe non-hallucinogenic dose range. Their Phase 2a GAD programme received Health Canada approval in January 2023 — the first Health Canada NOL for a psychedelic trial in GAD — and enrolled first patients at Kingston Health Sciences Centre in 2025 in the first-ever at-home microdose psilocybin study. A parallel FDA-authorized Phase 2 demoralization trial is also underway at UAB. Diamond is funded by private investors and non-dilutive public grants, including a $1.1M+ CQDM/Brain Canada drug discovery consortium launched in May 2025.
Definium Therapeutics
Definium Therapeutics (formerly Mind Medicine / MindMed) is a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company headquartered in New York, founded in 2019 and rebranded in January 2026. Led by CEO Robert Barrow, the company applies scientific rigor to psychedelic-derived molecules to develop accessible, rapidly-acting psychiatric treatments. Its lead asset, DT120 ODT (formerly MM-120) — a pharmaceutically optimised formulation of lysergide D-tartrate (LSD) as an orally disintegrating tablet — has received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and delivered compelling Phase 2b results: 65% clinical response rate and 48% remission at 12 weeks following a single dose. Three Phase 3 trials are currently underway: Voyage and Panorama (GAD) and Emerge (MDD, fully enrolled). Topline data from all three studies is expected in 2026, potentially positioning Definium for the first-ever FDA approval of an LSD-derived therapy. A second pipeline asset, DT402 (formerly MM402) — an MDMA-related compound — is in Phase 1 development for autism spectrum disorder.
People
Search →Federico Cavanna
Researcher in psychedelic science / neuroscientific researcher (exact current title not confidently verified)
He is a coauthor on multiple widely cited studies on psilocybin microdosing, DMT, and psychedelic use, helping characterize subjective, behavioral, and cognitive effects of psychedelics.
Robin Murphy
Researcher at the University of Auckland School of Pharmacy
She is a coauthor on multiple human psychedelic studies spanning LSD microdosing, sleep, and psilocybin/escitalopram comparisons, making her part of the team contributing to the modern evidence base for psychedelic medicine.
Hartej Gill
Researcher in mood disorders psychopharmacology at the University of Toronto / University Health Network
Notable for coauthoring multiple reviews and meta-analyses on ketamine, esketamine, suicidality, cognition, and psychedelic drug trials in psychiatric research.
Eduardo Schenberg
Neuroscientist and founder/director of Instituto Phaneros
A leading Brazilian psychedelic researcher known for clinical and translational work on ayahuasca, ibogaine, MDMA, and ethics/policy in psychedelic medicine.
Attila Szabo
Researcher in psychoneuroimmunology and psychedelic science; affiliated with the University of Oslo
He is a notable contributor to psychedelic immunology research, including widely cited work on DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and immune modulation.
Jeanine Kamphuis
Psychiatrist and researcher at the Department for Mood Disorders, University Hospital Groningen (UMCG)
She studies ketamine, esketamine, and classic psychedelics for treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders, including depression, and is a coauthor on multiple psychedelic/ketamine reviews and clinical studies.
Henrik Jungaberle
Dr. sc. hum., CEO and founder of the MIND Foundation; Head of Development at OVID Clinic Berlin
He is a prominent European psychedelic research and implementation figure contributing to psilocybin clinical trials, harm reduction, and healthcare integration work.
Joost Breeksema
Postdoctoral researcher and Executive Director of the OPEN Foundation
He is a prominent psychedelic researcher and advocate whose work helps shape evidence-based psychedelic policy, ethics, and patient-centered understanding of psychedelic and ketamine/esketamine treatments.
Juliana Rocha
Doutoranda em Ciências Médicas / Saúde Mental at the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
She is a recurring coauthor on clinical psychedelic studies, especially ayahuasca trials on social anxiety, emotion recognition, personality, and social cognition, helping expand the human evidence base for psychedelic-assisted psychiatric research.
Mathieu Seynaeve
Senior Medical Director and Head of Psychotherapy at Beckley Psytech
He is a clinical development leader behind multiple human studies of 5-MeO-DMT and psilocybin, including trials in alcohol use disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and headache disorders.
Kayla Teopiz
Researcher in psychiatry and ketamine/psychedelic medicine research; likely affiliated with the University of Toronto/Trillium Health Partners research network
Teopiz coauthors multiple systematic reviews and clinical studies on ketamine, esketamine, and psilocybin in depression and suicidality, helping synthesize the evidence base for psychedelic and glutamatergic treatments in psychiatry.
Michiel Van Elk
Associate Professor of Cognitive Psychology at Leiden University
Michiel van Elk is a prominent psychedelic science researcher known for rigorous, skeptical work on psilocybin, microdosing, expectancy effects, and the psychological mechanisms and risks of psychedelic experiences.
Connected Evidence
The latest clinical data and verified academic findings associated with Depressive Disorders.
Adverse Event Summaries
Esketamine safety reports for Depressive Disorders most often include dizziness, headache, nausea, paresthesia among the source-backed named adverse events currently normalized in Blossom.
Ketamine safety reports for Depressive Disorders most often include dizziness, headache, nausea, paresthesia among the source-backed named adverse events currently normalized in Blossom.
Psilocybin safety reports for Depressive Disorders most often include headache, nausea, anxiety, fatigue among the source-backed named adverse events currently normalized in Blossom.
Dose Summaries
Esketamine clinical studies for Depressive Disorders include 24 structured dose rows across 20 linked trials. Common source-reported dose patterns include 84 mg, 0.2 mg/kg, 56 mg. Interpret these as descriptive trial protocols, not treatment recommendations.
Ketamine clinical studies for Depressive Disorders include 118 structured dose rows across 79 linked trials. Common source-reported dose patterns include 0.5 mg/kg, 0.5-0.75 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg. Interpret these as descriptive trial protocols, not treatment recommendations.
Psilocybin clinical studies for Depressive Disorders include 56 structured dose rows across 43 linked trials. Common source-reported dose patterns include 25 mg, 1 mg, 10 mg. Interpret these as descriptive trial protocols, not treatment recommendations.